Research
In this section you will find a reading list encompassing a wide range of studies, articles and reports relating to the spread of pro-Kremlin disinformation.
Whether you want a general introduction, to learn about the Kremlin’s attempts to influence elections, or investigate how one single false message gets spread via a wide network of websites – this is the place to start.
How we collect the material
The selection of works keeps a balance between academic depth and reputability, but also a breadth of perspectives and interests beyond the academy. We have established quality control measures and the material selection was based on the five issue areas below.
This area is dedicated to the activities of major threat actors, namely Russia and China and their aims, motives and capacities.
This area captures the methods and tools deployed by threat actors to manipulate information: social media, narratives, emerging tech etc.
This area focuses on the socio-political areas targeted by threat actors: social cohesion, political processes, health, security and foreign policy.
This issue area centres on the effects of FIMI (foreign information manipulations and interference) in terms of outcomes: cognitive impacts, social and political division, soft power projection etc.
This area classifies the types of responses to FIMI (foreign information manipulations and interference) by a range of stakeholders: regulatory, proactive and self-regulatory, reactive responses and policy recommendations.
Filters
A paper examining how the United States, China, and Russia are incorporating AI in their information warfare strategies and tactics and the implications of this trend for international security.
A study of the implications of AI-powered information warfare in the Indo-Pacific for regional and global security, inclluding recommendations on near term responses.
An analysis of hybrid cyber threats within the Lithuanian context, focusing on the examination of national strategies to mitigate them and identifying potential areas for improvement.
A study investigating the extent to which victimisation narratives in state information campaigns are effective in influencing external audiences, with a focus on Russia and China.
A short, pesssimistic review of the implications of conversational AI (eg, ’empathy bots’) on information warfare.
An analysis of the lessons about information warfare that the Chinese government is likely to draw from Russia war in Ukraine as viewed through the lens of US proxy conflicts.
A study of measures to combat Russian informationa operations targeting Ukraine and the Czech Republic covering three levels: government, media, civil society.
A report on the implications of generative AI for information warfare, arguing that the technology poses a potential national security threat in terms of the risk of misuse by Russia, China and other adversaries in social media manipulation.
An article on China’s use of information warfare to destabilise foreign regimes in the midst of a potential military or political crisis with democratic governments (drawing lessons from Japan’s experience during the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-05).
A study adapting ‘morphological’ theory to conceptualise social media disinformation threatening democratic processes along five parameters: spread strategy, information channelling, market targeting, presented source, and operational openness.
A report exploring the comparative success of Russia’s and Ukraine’s information campaigins arguing that the popular discourse professing that Russia has lost the information war is oversimplified.
A study of measures to combat disinformation, including resilience, regulations, public diplomacy, strategic signalling and counter messaging.
A review of ways that the United States could improve its capacity in information warfare against China, with policy recommendations.
A study of cognitive warfare and psychological strategies seeking to gradually influence the targeted public’s beliefs, opinions and perceptions with an empirical focus on the China-Taiwan relationship.
A study of asymmetrical information tactics through the lens of Complex Adaptive Systems that seeks to demonstrate how, by controlling the information flow during the Russian annexation of Crimea, Moscow applied complexity to the adversary on the one hand and stabilised the Crimean social system on the other.